Contents List

1. Introduction.
2. What Is a Servo Motor?
3. How a Servo Motor Works?
4. Types of Servo Motors.
5. Servo Motor Specifications.
6. Servo Motor Wires and Connections.
7. Connecting a Servo Motor to Arduino.
8. Servo Motor Control Signals and PWM.
9. Programming a Servo Motor with Arduino.
10. Controlling a Servo with a Potentiometer.
11. Controlling Multiple Servo Motors.
12. Servo Motor Power Supply and Current Requirements.
13. Common Servo Motor Applications and Projects.
14. Troubleshooting and Safety Tips.
15. Frequently Asked Questions.
16. Conclusion.

Time reading is 20min.

1. Introduction

A Servo Motor is an actuator designed to move an output shaft to a commanded position or, in some models, rotate continuously at a controlled speed. Hobby servo motors are widely used in robot arms, steering mechanisms, pan-and-tilt camera mounts, model aircraft, and small automation projects.

Unlike a basic DC motor, which generally rotates as long as power is applied, a standard positional servo contains a motor, a gearbox, a position sensor, and control electronics. These components work together to move the output shaft toward a requested position and maintain it against moderate disturbances.

Connecting and programming a servo is relatively straightforward, but reliable operation requires more than connecting three wires. You must understand the servo’s supply voltage, current requirements, control signal, mechanical travel limits, and the capabilities of the microcontroller.

In this guide, you will learn how servo motors work, how to connect them to Arduino, how to control their position using code and a potentiometer, and how to operate multiple servos safely. Practical examples are included for beginners, hobbyists, and engineers.

2. What Is a Servo Motor?

A Servo Motor is part of a control system that moves an output toward a commanded position, speed, or torque, depending on the type of servo and its controller.

In hobby electronics, the term usually refers to a compact RC servo with three wires: power, ground, and signal. The servo receives a control pulse and uses its internal electronics to position the output shaft.

Main Components of a Hobby Servo

A typical positional servo contains the following components:

• DC motor: Produces the rotational motion.
• Gearbox: Reduces motor speed and increases the torque available at the output shaft.
• Position sensor: Often a potentiometer that measures the output shaft’s position.
• Control circuit: Compares the requested position with the measured position and drives the motor to reduce the difference.
• Output shaft and horn: Transfer motion to the connected mechanism.
• Housing and bearings: Support and protect the internal components.

The integration of these components makes a hobby servo convenient for projects that require controlled movement without designing a separate motor-feedback circuit.

Servo Motor vs. Standard DC Motor

A standard brushed DC motor typically needs an external driver to control its speed and direction. It does not inherently know its shaft position.

A positional hobby servo includes a feedback mechanism and control electronics, allowing it to move toward a requested angle with relatively little external circuitry.

For example, an Arduino can command a positional servo to move to approximately 90 degrees using a servo library. With a standard DC motor, reaching and maintaining that position would normally require additional position sensing and control logic.

One important distinction: not every servo controls position. Continuous-rotation servos use similar control signals to command rotation speed and direction rather than a specific shaft angle.

3. How a Servo Motor Works?

A typical positional servo operates using a closed-loop control system. It receives a command, measures its current position, and drives its internal motor until the measured position approaches the requested one.

The Position-Control Process

The basic process is:

1. The controller sends a command representing the desired position.
2. The servo’s internal circuit interprets the command.
3. The position sensor measures the output shaft’s actual position.
4. The control circuit compares the requested and measured positions.
5. The motor turns through the gearbox to reduce the position error.
6. The servo adjusts its motor drive as needed to hold the target position.

This process repeats while the servo receives control commands. If an external force moves the output away from its target, the servo may draw additional current as it attempts to return to the commanded position.

What Is Position Feedback?

Position feedback tells the control circuit where the output shaft is located. In many conventional hobby servos, a potentiometer is mechanically connected to the output gear.

As the shaft moves, the potentiometer’s electrical value changes. The control circuit uses this value to estimate the position and adjust motor operation.

More advanced servos may use different sensing methods or additional internal electronics.

What Happens When a Servo Reaches Its Target?

When the servo reaches its commanded position, the control circuit reduces the drive required to correct the remaining position error. If a load tries to move the shaft, the servo may apply more torque to resist that movement.

This holding action requires current, particularly when the load is substantial. A servo can therefore consume significant power even when it is not visibly moving.

If the mechanism physically prevents the servo from reaching its target, the servo may continue applying force, increasing current and heat. Avoid prolonged operation against mechanical stops.

4. Types of Servo Motors

Servo motors are available in different designs for different motion-control requirements. Choosing the correct type is essential because positional and continuous-rotation servos do not respond to commands in the same way.

Positional Servo

A positional servo moves its output shaft to a commanded angle within its permitted mechanical range.

Common examples include micro servos such as the SG90 and larger hobby servos used for robot arms and steering systems.

Many hobby positional servos offer approximately 180 degrees of travel, but the actual range varies by model. Some provide less travel, while specialized servos may offer a wider range.

Typical applications: Robot arms, steering, camera mounts, pan-and-tilt systems, and small mechanisms.

Continuous-Rotation Servo

A continuous-rotation servo is modified or designed to rotate continuously in either direction. Its control signal generally determines rotation direction and speed rather than absolute position.

For a common interface, a command near the neutral value stops rotation, while commands on either side of neutral request rotation in opposite directions. The exact neutral point and speed response depend on the model and may require calibration.

Typical applications: Small robot wheels, simple mobile robots, and rotating mechanisms.

Analog and Digital Hobby Servos

Analog and digital hobby servos both use internal control electronics, but their control circuits differ.

• Analog servos: Use a relatively simple control circuit to drive the motor.
• Digital servos: Use digital electronics to process the command and control the motor. Depending on the model, they may offer different response, holding behavior, or update capabilities.

A digital servo may draw substantial current during movement or while resisting a load. Digital operation does not automatically mean lower power consumption or compatibility with every supply voltage.

Industrial Servo Systems

Industrial servo systems are designed for demanding applications requiring controlled position, speed, or torque. They commonly use a servo motor with a dedicated drive and a feedback device such as an encoder or resolver.

These systems differ significantly from three-wire hobby servos in power levels, control interfaces, tuning, safety requirements, and feedback architecture.

For this article, the practical examples focus mainly on low-voltage hobby RC servos.

5. Servo Motor Specifications

Before selecting a servo, review its datasheet or product documentation. These specifications determine whether the servo can move the load and whether your power supply and controller are suitable.

Understanding Torque

Servo torque is commonly specified in kilogram-centimeters (kg·cm) or newton-meters (N·m). For example, a torque rating of 2 kg·cm means the servo can ideally exert approximately 2 kgf at a lever arm of 1 cm under the stated conditions.

This is a torque unit, not a direct statement that the servo can lift any 2 kg load. The actual required torque depends on the load’s weight, lever-arm length, orientation, friction, acceleration, and safety margin.

For a simple static load, the required torque can be estimated from:

\[ \tau = F \times r \]

where:

• \(\tau\) is torque.
• \(F\) is the force acting on the mechanism.
• \(r\) is the perpendicular distance from the shaft to the force’s line of action.

Use a suitable margin above the calculated requirement, and check the manufacturer’s torque and thermal limits.

Understanding Speed

Servo speed is often expressed as seconds per 60 degrees at a specified voltage. A rating of 0.12 s/60° means the servo takes approximately 0.12 seconds to travel 60 degrees under the manufacturer’s stated test conditions.

Actual movement time depends on the load, supply voltage, mechanical friction, and the servo’s control characteristics.

Why Voltage and Current Matter?

A servo must receive a voltage within its rated range. Its current consumption changes with load, movement, and holding force.

The power supply should be able to deliver the expected operating current and handle realistic peaks. Never choose a supply based only on the servo’s idle current; startup and loaded movement can require substantially more current.

6. Servo Motor Wires and Connections

Most hobby RC servos have three wires: power, ground, and signal. Wire colors are common conventions, but they are not guaranteed across every manufacturer. Check the servo’s datasheet or connector pinout before connecting it.

Understanding the Three Wires

The signal wire carries a low-current control signal. It does not normally supply the energy needed to move the servo; that energy comes from the power wires.

Basic Connection to Arduino

For a small servo, the basic signal connections are:

• Servo signal wire → Arduino digital pin 9.
• Servo ground wire → Arduino GND.
• Servo power wire → a suitable supply within the servo’s rated voltage range.

Although some beginner examples power a small servo from the Arduino’s 5 V pin, this is not suitable for every servo or load. If the servo draws more current than the board or USB source can safely provide, the Arduino may reset, the servo may twitch, or the power source may be overloaded.

For more reliable operation, use a separate regulated servo supply when needed. Connect the external supply’s ground to Arduino GND so the control signal has a common reference. Do not connect the external supply’s positive output to the Arduino’s 5 V pin unless the entire power arrangement is designed for that connection.

Connecting an External Servo Power Supply

When using an external supply, follow this general arrangement:

1. Connect the supply’s positive output to the servo’s power wire.
2. Connect the supply’s negative output to the servo’s ground wire.
3. Connect Arduino GND to the supply’s negative output.
4. Connect an Arduino digital output to the servo signal wire.
5. Verify the voltage and polarity before switching on the circuit.

The supply voltage must remain within the servo’s rated range. Its current capacity should account for the servo’s expected load and current peaks.

The Arduino and servo do not always need to share the same positive supply rail, but their grounds generally need to be connected when the control signal is referenced to ground.

7. Connecting a Servo Motor to Arduino

The Arduino Servo library simplifies hobby servo control by generating the required control pulses. It allows you to command a position using a function rather than manually creating each pulse.

Components Required

For a basic experiment, you will need:

• Arduino Uno or a compatible board.
• One positional hobby servo.
• Jumper wires.
• USB cable for programming.
• A suitable servo power supply if the servo’s current requirements exceed what the Arduino supply can safely provide.

A small servo such as an SG90 is often used in beginner experiments, but verify the exact model’s voltage, current, and movement range.

Wiring Table

If you use a separate supply, connect its ground to Arduino GND. Avoid powering a heavily loaded servo from the Arduino’s 5 V output.

How to Prepare the Arduino IDE?

1. Install and open the Arduino IDE.
2. Connect your Arduino board to the computer.
3. Select the correct board and port.
4. Open a new sketch.
5. Include the Servo library using #include <Servo.h>.
6. Enter the code and upload it to the board.

The Servo library is available for supported Arduino environments and provides functions such as attach(), write(), and writeMicroseconds(). Check the library documentation for compatibility and board-specific behavior.

8. Servo Motor Control Signals and PWM

Hobby servos are controlled by pulses whose width represents the requested position. Although the signal resembles PWM, servo positioning is generally determined by pulse width, not simply by the percentage of time the signal remains HIGH.

Understanding Pulse Width

A common hobby servo interface uses pulses repeated approximately every 20 milliseconds, or around 50 Hz. A pulse width near 1.5 milliseconds often commands a central or neutral position, while shorter and longer pulses command positions on either side.

The exact pulse-width range and its relationship to the shaft position vary by servo model. For some servos, pulses near 1–2 ms cover much of the normal range, but these values should not be treated as universal limits.

Pulse Width vs. Position

The following table illustrates a common control convention, not a guarantee for every servo.

The direction associated with a longer pulse is not universal, and the center point may not be exactly halfway through the mechanical travel. Consult the manufacturer’s specifications and calibrate the servo when accurate positioning is important.

Is Servo Control the Same as Motor-Speed PWM?

Not exactly.

For a conventional DC motor, PWM duty cycle is commonly used to adjust the effective power delivered to the motor and thereby influence speed.

For a positional hobby servo, the width of each control pulse encodes the requested position. Changing the pulse width changes the target position; changing the duty cycle without preserving the intended pulse width does not necessarily produce the expected movement.

This distinction is important when choosing a microcontroller library or configuring hardware timers.

9. Programming a Servo Motor with Arduino

The first program will move a positional servo gradually from one end of its configured range to the other, then back again. It is a useful test for checking the wiring and understanding how the Servo library works.

Basic Servo Sweep Code

#include <Servo.h>

Servo myServo;

const int servoPin = 9;

void setup() {
  myServo.attach(servoPin);
}

void loop() {
  // Move gradually toward 180 degrees
  for (int angle = 0; angle <= 180; angle++) {
    myServo.write(angle);
    delay(15);
  }

  // Move gradually back toward 0 degrees
  for (int angle = 180; angle >= 0; angle--) {
    myServo.write(angle);
    delay(15);
  }
}

Understanding the Code

• #include <Servo.h> includes the Servo library.
• Servo myServo; creates a servo-control object.
• myServo.attach(servoPin); assigns the signal output to pin 9.
• myServo.write(angle); requests a position in degrees for a standard positional servo.
• The first for loop increases the commanded angle from 0 to 180.
• The second loop decreases it from 180 to 0.
• delay(15) introduces a short pause between successive commands.

The code assumes the servo supports the commanded range. Some servos cannot safely travel through the full 0–180 degree range. If your servo buzzes, strains, or presses against a mechanical stop, disconnect power and reduce the commanded range.

Also note that the loop’s timing is not a precise measurement of the servo’s actual movement speed. The servo may take longer to reach a position depending on its speed rating and load.

Safer Approach to Setting the Range

For an unfamiliar servo, begin with a conservative range, such as 30–150 degrees, and test the movement without a heavy mechanical load. Expand the range only if the manufacturer’s specifications support it.

When finer control is needed, writeMicroseconds() allows the program to specify pulse width directly. Use documented or carefully calibrated limits rather than assuming that the servo can safely accept every pulse width.

One Arduino-specific consideration: on classic Uno-style boards, the Servo library uses hardware timers and can disable ordinary analogWrite() PWM functionality on pins 9 and 10 while the library is active. Check your board’s documentation if the project also controls DC motors or other PWM devices.

10. Controlling a Servo with a Potentiometer

A potentiometer provides a simple way to control servo position manually. The Arduino reads the potentiometer’s analog voltage and maps that reading to a servo command.

Potentiometer Connections

For a typical 10 kΩ potentiometer:

• Connect one outer terminal to Arduino 5 V.
• Connect the other outer terminal to Arduino GND.
• Connect the center terminal, called the wiper, to analog input A0.
• Connect the servo signal to digital pin 9.
• Power the servo from a suitable source and connect its ground to Arduino GND.

This wiring assumes a 5 V Arduino-compatible board. For a 3.3 V board, use the appropriate supply and ensure the analog input is not exposed to an unsupported voltage.

Arduino Code

#include <Servo.h>

Servo myServo;

const int servoPin = 9;
const int potPin = A0;

void setup() {
  myServo.attach(servoPin);
}

void loop() {
  int potValue = analogRead(potPin);

  // Map the analog reading to a conservative angle range
  int angle = map(potValue, 0, 1023, 30, 150);

  myServo.write(angle);

  delay(15);
}

How It Works?

On a classic Arduino Uno, analogRead() typically returns a value from 0 to 1023. The map() function converts this reading into an angle between 30 and 150 degrees.

As you turn the potentiometer, the requested angle changes and the servo follows it. The example uses a reduced range to avoid immediately commanding the mechanical endpoints of an unfamiliar servo.

The actual usable range must still be confirmed for the servo being used. If the potentiometer reading fluctuates, check the wiring and consider filtering the analog readings in software.

11. Controlling Multiple Servo Motors

An Arduino can control multiple hobby servos, provided that the board, library, signal pins, and power supply are suitable for the number and type of servos used.

Wiring Multiple Servos

For each servo:

• Connect its signal wire to a separate supported control pin.
• Connect its power wire to a supply within its rated voltage range.
• Connect its ground wire to the supply’s negative terminal.
• Connect the supply ground to Arduino GND.

Do not assume that the Arduino’s onboard power connection can supply several servos simultaneously. Their combined current can be substantial, particularly when they move together or resist mechanical loads.

Example Code for Two Servos

#include <Servo.h>

Servo servo1;
Servo servo2;

void setup() {
  servo1.attach(9);
  servo2.attach(10);

  servo1.write(90);
  servo2.write(90);
  delay(1000);
}

void loop() {
  servo1.write(45);
  servo2.write(135);
  delay(1000);

  servo1.write(135);
  servo2.write(45);
  delay(1000);

  servo1.write(90);
  servo2.write(90);
  delay(1000);
}

Power and Library Considerations

Both servos in this example are commanded to different positions, but the code does not guarantee that they will move at the same speed or reach their targets simultaneously.

For larger projects, check the Servo library’s supported servo count and the timer limitations of your board. The Arduino Servo library supports different maximum counts depending on the board architecture, and timer use can affect other PWM functions.

For projects involving many servos, a dedicated servo controller can simplify signal generation. It does not eliminate the need for a suitably rated servo power supply.

12. Servo Motor Power Supply and Current Requirements

Power supply selection is one of the most important parts of a reliable servo-control circuit. A servo may work correctly without a mechanical load but reset the Arduino or behave unpredictably when it has to move a mechanism.

Why Servos Need Sufficient Current?

A servo contains a motor that draws current while moving and may draw additional current when holding a load. Current demand can rise significantly if the shaft is obstructed or the servo approaches a mechanical limit.

For this reason, a supply should be selected using the servo’s rated voltage and realistic current requirements, including peak or stall current where available. Pololu’s technical guide explains why servo current varies with load and why stall current matters when sizing a supply.

Selecting a Suitable Power Supply

Follow these guidelines:

• Voltage: Stay within the servo manufacturer’s specified operating range.
• Current capacity: Allow for the expected load and current peaks from all connected servos.
• Regulation: Use a supply that maintains an appropriate voltage as the load changes.
• Wiring: Use wires and connectors rated for the expected current.
• Protection: Consider suitable overcurrent protection for the supply and wiring.

Do not select a supply based solely on the servo’s idle current. A supply that works for one unloaded servo may not be suitable for several servos moving simultaneously.

Can an Arduino Power a Servo?

It depends on the board, supply arrangement, servo, and mechanical load. A small servo may operate in a simple demonstration, but the Arduino’s 5 V pin or USB supply should not be assumed to provide sufficient current for every servo.

For more demanding applications, use an appropriately rated external supply for the servo. Connect the supply ground to Arduino GND so that the control signal has a common reference.

Never connect a supply voltage directly to an Arduino input or output pin. Also, do not connect two positive supply outputs together unless the circuit is specifically designed to allow it.

Preventing Arduino Resets and Servo Jitter

If the Arduino resets when the servo moves, the supply voltage may be dropping under load. Servo movement can also introduce electrical noise into a poorly designed circuit.

Check the supply capacity, ground connections, wire resistance, and connector quality. Depending on the design, appropriate decoupling capacitors near the servo supply may help reduce voltage disturbances, but capacitors cannot compensate for a fundamentally undersized power supply.

13. Common Servo Motor Applications and Projects

Servo motors are especially useful when a project requires controlled movement rather than continuous rotation alone.

Robot Arm

A robot arm can use several positional servos to control its joints. Each servo moves a joint toward a commanded angle, allowing the arm to reach different positions.

When designing a robot arm, calculate the torque required at each joint. Servos closer to the base may need to support the weight of several downstream components, making their torque requirements higher.

Pan-and-Tilt Camera Mount

Two servos can control horizontal and vertical movement:

• One servo rotates the platform horizontally.
• The other tilts the camera vertically.

This arrangement is useful for surveillance demonstrations, remote-controlled camera mounts, and object-tracking experiments.

Ensure that the mounting structure does not force either servo beyond its mechanical range.

RC Steering System

In a model vehicle, a positional servo moves the steering linkage according to commands from a radio receiver or microcontroller.

The mechanical linkage must be aligned properly. Incorrect alignment can force the servo against its limits, increasing current and potentially damaging gears or the internal motor.

Automatic Vent or Small Mechanism

A servo can open or close a lightweight vent, move a flap, or operate a small mechanism in response to a sensor.

For example, a temperature sensor could provide input to a controller that commands a servo to adjust a vent position. In a real application, consider what happens if the sensor, controller, power supply, or servo fails.

Sensor Scanner

A servo can rotate an ultrasonic distance sensor or another directional sensor across a limited range. The controller can record measurements at different angles to create a simple scan of nearby objects.

This is a useful beginner project for learning servo control, sensor integration, and basic data processing.

14. Troubleshooting and Safety Tips

Understanding common servo problems helps you diagnose circuits more quickly and avoid damaging components.

Avoid Forcing the Servo Shaft

Do not force a powered servo against its internal stops or manually push the output shaft while the servo is actively holding position. This can stress the gears and internal motor.

If the servo produces a sustained buzzing or grinding sound, disconnect power and investigate the cause rather than allowing it to remain under strain.

Check the Mechanical Load

A servo that works correctly without a load may fail when attached to a mechanism that requires excessive torque. Check for binding, misalignment, friction, and loads that exceed the servo’s rating.

If the load is too large, select a servo with suitable torque or redesign the mechanism to reduce the required force.

Test Before Integrating the Mechanism

Before connecting a servo to a complete robot or mechanical assembly:

1. Verify the wiring and power supply.
2. Upload a simple test program.
3. Start with a limited movement range.
4. Observe the servo for unexpected noise, vibration, or heating.
5. Attach the mechanical load only after confirming that the basic operation is reliable.

This approach makes it easier to identify whether a problem comes from the electrical circuit, software, or mechanical design.

15. Frequently Asked Questions

Can I Connect a Servo Motor Directly to an Arduino?

The servo’s signal wire can generally connect to a suitable Arduino digital pin, but the servo’s power supply must meet its current requirements. Do not assume that the Arduino’s 5 V pin can safely power every servo.

How Many Servos Can an Arduino Control?

The number depends on the Arduino model, the library, timer availability, and the requirements of the application. The Arduino Servo library supports different maximum servo counts on different boards. The power supply must also be able to handle the combined current demand.

What Is the Difference Between a Positional Servo and a Continuous-Rotation Servo?

A positional servo moves its output shaft toward a commanded angle within its usable range. A continuous-rotation servo uses similar control commands to regulate rotational speed and direction rather than an absolute position.

Does a Servo Need a Motor Driver?

A typical hobby RC servo already contains its motor-driving electronics and position-control circuitry. It usually does not require a separate H-bridge like a bare DC motor does. However, it still needs a suitable power supply and a compatible control signal.

What Does a 1.5 ms Servo Pulse Mean?

For many hobby servos, a pulse near 1.5 milliseconds commands the center or neutral position. The exact meaning depends on the model and its calibration. Do not assume that the pulse always corresponds to exactly 90 degrees.

Can I Control Servo Position Without Arduino?

Yes. A servo can be controlled by other compatible microcontrollers, dedicated servo controllers, RC receivers, or circuits capable of generating the required control signal. The controller must provide a compatible signal and share the appropriate electrical reference.

Why Does My Servo Jitter?

Possible causes include unstable power, inadequate current capacity, noisy control signals, fluctuating sensor readings, mechanical vibration, or an unsuitable control pulse range. Check the power supply and wiring first, then investigate the signal and mechanical load.

Can a Servo Rotate 360 Degrees?

A standard positional servo usually has a limited angular range. A continuous-rotation servo can rotate continuously, but it typically controls speed and direction rather than absolute position. Specialized servos may offer different travel ranges and feedback capabilities.

What Is the Difference Between Servo Torque and Speed?

Torque describes the turning force a servo can apply at its output shaft. Speed describes how quickly the output moves through a specified angle. Both depend on the servo’s design and operating conditions, and neither should be evaluated without considering the mechanical load and supply voltage.

Can I Use the Arduino Servo Library for a Continuous-Rotation Servo?

Yes, the library can generate control commands for many continuous-rotation servos. However, the command value represents a direction-and-speed request rather than an absolute angle. The neutral command and speed response should be calibrated for the specific servo.

16. Conclusion

Servo motors are practical components for projects that require controlled movement, from simple robot arms and camera mounts to RC vehicles and small automation systems. Their integrated motor, gearbox, feedback mechanism, and control electronics make them easier to use for positional control than a basic DC motor.

To use a servo reliably, identify its type and specifications, connect its power, ground, and signal wires correctly, and use a compatible control library or controller. Arduino’s Servo library provides a convenient starting point for position commands, while a potentiometer offers an intuitive way to test manual control.

Most importantly, provide an adequate power supply, avoid forcing the servo beyond its mechanical range, and select a model with sufficient torque for the intended load. Once these fundamentals are understood, you can extend your projects with multiple servos, sensor-based movement, and more advanced motion-control techniques.

#include <Servo.h>

Servo myServo;

const int servoPin = 9;

void setup() {
  myServo.attach(servoPin);
}

void loop() {
  // Move gradually toward 180 degrees
  for (int angle = 0; angle <= 180; angle++) {
    myServo.write(angle);
    delay(15);
  }

  // Move gradually back toward 0 degrees
  for (int angle = 180; angle >= 0; angle--) {
    myServo.write(angle);
    delay(15);
  }
}

#include <Servo.h>

Servo myServo;

const int servoPin = 9;
const int potPin = A0;

void setup() {
  myServo.attach(servoPin);
}

void loop() {
  int potValue = analogRead(potPin);

  // Map the analog reading to a conservative angle range
  int angle = map(potValue, 0, 1023, 30, 150);

  myServo.write(angle);

  delay(15);
}

#include <Servo.h>

Servo servo1;
Servo servo2;

void setup() {
  servo1.attach(9);
  servo2.attach(10);

  servo1.write(90);
  servo2.write(90);
  delay(1000);
}

void loop() {
  servo1.write(45);
  servo2.write(135);
  delay(1000);

  servo1.write(135);
  servo2.write(45);
  delay(1000);

  servo1.write(90);
  servo2.write(90);
  delay(1000);
}